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Unit 2 Reflection

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This unit was about the essential knowledge in chemistry. From learning about atoms to enzymes, we have learned about their functions and structures. One of the main points we touched upon was the big four macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are saccharides, also commonly known as sugar, that are made of rings of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It's used as energy storage for producers and a main source of energy for consumers. Lipids are molecules that have fat, phospholipids, oils, waves and cholesterol. They contain chains of fatty acids, carbon and hydrogen, and are nonpolar. It's also used as energy storage, but also makes up cell membranes and used to make hormones. Protein is large molecules made of amino acids chained together. This can support the body, speed up chemical reactions, help cells communicate, and let things through the cell membrane. One type of protein is enzymes. Enzymes are amino acids chained together, which ...
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Protein Synthesis Lab

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To create a protein , there are two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, the DNA code, the gene, gets copied in the nucleus, which is know as the messenger RNA (mRNA). This changes the pyrimidine, thymine, to uracil. The product travels to the cytoplasm. The next step is translation, which uses the copy to make a protein. The ribosome reads the mRNA three bases at a time and turns it into an amino acid sequence , or a codon. It results in a long chain of amino acids, which twist and folds up to become a protein. When making a protein, there's a lot that could go wrong, maybe a mutation . A mutation is a change in the gene. There are a few types of mutations, such as point mutation. Under that category, there are two types of point mutations: substitution and frameshift mutation (which also has two types of mutations: insertion and deletion ). When a mutation is added into the sequence, it could either harmless or very harmful. I thought that del...
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